Glaucoma is a chronic eye condition that causes progressive damage to the optic nerve. This nerve, essential for transmitting visual information from the eye to the brain, can be irreversibly harmed, often due to increased intraocular pressure (IOP). Glaucoma is one of the leading causes of blindness globally and disproportionately affects older adults, although it can occur at any age.
Early detection and timely intervention are critical, as vision loss from glaucoma is permanent. There are multiple types of glaucoma, each with distinct characteristics.
The eye’s health and function depend on the balance of fluid (aqueous humor) production and drainage. The buildup of fluid can lead to elevated IOP, which damages the optic nerve over time. However, not all types of glaucoma involve high IOP, making it a multifaceted condition.
This is the most common type of glaucoma. It develops slowly over time, often without symptoms, and leads to a gradual loss of peripheral vision.
This form occurs when the drainage angle between the iris and cornea becomes blocked, leading to a sudden increase in IOP.
Here, optic nerve damage occurs despite normal IOP levels, possibly due to poor blood flow or heightened optic nerve sensitivity.
This type results from another medical condition, injury, or prolonged use of medications like steroids.
A rare form present at birth due to improper development of the eye’s drainage system.
Early Symptoms
Advanced Symptoms
Primary Causes
Risk Factors
Early detection involves routine eye exams and specialized tests:
Prescription eye drops reduce IOP by decreasing fluid production or increasing drainage. Common drugs include prostaglandins, beta-blockers, and carbonic anhydrase inhibitors.
Laser trabeculoplasty improves drainage efficiency, often used for open-angle glaucoma. In angle-closure glaucoma, laser iridotomy creates a small hole in the iris to restore fluid flow.
No, but it can be managed effectively with early detection and treatment.
Individuals over 60, those with a family history, and people with diabetes or high blood pressure.
Most types, like open-angle glaucoma, are painless, but angle-closure glaucoma can cause severe pain.
Every 1-2 years, or more frequently if you’re at high risk.
Foods rich in antioxidants, such as leafy greens, fish high in omega-3s, and citrus fruits, may support eye health.
Yes, if left untreated, glaucoma can lead to permanent blindness.
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